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Introduction
East Java (Indonesian: Jawa Timur, abbreviated as Jatim, Javanese: Jåwå Wétan) is a province of Indonesia. Located in eastern Java, it includes the islands of Madura, which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, Suramadu Bridge, as well as the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos located further east and north, respectively. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East java and also in Java Island
It covers an area of 47,800 km2, According to the 2010 Census estimates, there were 37,476,757 people residing in the East Java, making it Indonesia's second-most-populous province; the latest official estimates (for January 2014) is 38,529,481.
It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; Java Sea and Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali.
History
The Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of Malang is the oldest written sources in East Java, written in the year AD 760. This inscription tells many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Dinoyo. Malang name itself is estimated to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is contained in at least one inscription, namely, the Mantyasih inscriptions written in AD 907.
In 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of Singhasari. He ruled the kingdom until 1292. Before coming to power, Ken Arok seize power in Tumapel (Kediri) from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok dynasty's descendants became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in the 13th century until the 15th century. In 1227, Anusapati killed Ken Arok, and later became king Singasari. Anusapati's power only lasted 20 years. He was killed by Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed in the uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, his reign as the king of Singasari was replaced by that of Kertanegara (1268-1292). In 1292 Kertanegara defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, it ended Kertanegara power, ending the history of Singhasari. In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit was founded. Its founder was Raden Wijaya. Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. He was accompanied by the mahapatih Gajah Mada. Together they managed to unite the vast territory under the name Dwipantara. In 1357, the Bubat event occurred, the war between the King of Sunda and the Majapahit Patih Gajah Mada. This event stems from the desire to take the king Hayam Wuruk Sundanese princess named Dyah Pitaloka as queen. However, because of a misunderstanding about the procedure of marriage, the plan led to a battle in Bubat. Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Mada conquered Pajajaran in the Bubat war. In 1389, Hayam Wuruk died. He was replaced by Wikramawardhana. This era was the beginning of the collapse of Majapahit. One of them due to their disappointment Hayam Wuruk other children, namely Wirabumi.
After that period, began the spread of Islam in Java. Other developments, the Europeans started coming to the archipelago and trying to build strength. In the end they implement colonialism. At the beginning of the 20th century, the royal government system was abolished, replaced by a system of residency. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, there is persistent resistance against the Japanese rule. In Blitar, an uprising by PETA (Defenders of the Homeland) occurred in early 1945. The uprising was led by Supriyadi, Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto. Although at the end the uprising was crushed by the Japanese, the uprising is able to rekindle the spirit of rebellion for independence to the entire people of East Java.
Two weeks after the proclamation of independence, Surabaya has established its own government in shape of a resident. The first resident is R. Sudirman. The formation of government in Surabaya is caused disputes between the Republican and Japan, even resulting in various skirmish across the city. The reason is that when the Japanese had surrendered, they weres obliged to remain in power until the allied forces arrived. The arrival of Allied forces in Surabaya create tensions with the newly established government of Indonesia. The peak occurred on November 10, 1945 where a major battle between the arek-arek Suroboyo led by Sutomo against the Allied force.
The battle forced the governor Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), move the seat of the government to Mojokerto area. A week later, the government moved again to the place that is more secure, that is, in Kediri. However, security conditions Kediri increasingly worse until finally, in February 1947, the East Java provincial government moved again to Malang. At the time, the government is in Malang, a change of governor, Suryo was replaced by R.P. Suroso who was then replaced again by Dr. Moerdjani. On July 21, 1947, although it is still bound by the Linggadjati Agreement and a ceasefire agreement in effect since October 14, 1946, the Dutch commenced Operation Product. The Dutch military action led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java Provincial Government finally moved again to Blitar.
This military action ended after the Renville Agreement. However, these agreements have negative consequences for East Java, namely, reduced the territory of East Java provincial government. The Netherlands then make the areas it controls as a new state, such as the State of Madura and East Java. Amid the difficulties faced by the government of Indonesia, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) launched rebellion in Madiun on 18 September 1948, which is known as the Madiun Affair. However, eventually this revolt can be crushed by the Indonesian Army. On December 19, 1948, the Dutch launched Operation Kraai. Blitar, who was still used as the seat East Java provincial government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Dr. Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and joined the guerrillas on the slopes of Mount Willis. Operation Kraai ended after the Roem–van Roijen Agreement on May 7, 1949.
The Netherlands withdrew its troops from East Java, having held the Round Table Conference which produces a charter recognition of the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). East Java changed its status from a province into a state. But the people of East Java did not support the change in status. People demanded the dissolution of the state of East Java. Finally, on February 25, 1950, East Java state was dissolved and became part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The decision to rejoin Indonesia was also followed by the state of Madura.
Geography
East Java province borders the Java Sea in the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, as well as the Central Java province in the west. The length of the east-west stretch of about 400 km. The width of the stretch of the north-south in the west about 200 km, but in the eastern part of narrower by about 60 km. Madura is the largest island in East Java, separated from the mainland Java by the Strait of Madura. Bawean Island is located about 150 km north of Java. In the east of Madura there are a cluster of islands, the easternmost is Kangean Island and the northernmost is Masalembu Islands. In the southern part there are two small islands namely Nusa Barong and Sempu Island.
In physiographic, East Java Province can be grouped into three zones: the southern zone (plato), the middle zone (volcanic), and the northern zone (folds). Lowlands and highlands in the middle (of Ngawi, Blitar, Malang, to Bondowoso) has a fairly fertile soil. In the northern part ( Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, to Madura Island) lies the Kapur Utara mountains and the Kendeng mountains which are relatively barren .
In the middle of the province stretch mountain ranges and volcanoes: On the border with Central Java is Mount Lawu (3,265 meters). Southeast from Madiun is Mount Wilis (2,169 meters), and Mount Liman (2,563 meters). In the middle of the corridor lies the Anjasmoro mountains with peaks Mount Arjuno (3,339 meters), Mount Welirang (3,156 meters), Mount Anjasmoro (2,277 meters), Mount Kawi (2,551 meters), and Mount Kelud (1,731 meters); The mountains are located in most Kediri, Blitar, Malang, Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Jombang. The group has the peak of Mount Bromo Tengger (2,329 meters), and Mount Semeru (3,676 meters). Mount Semeru, which is also called Mahameru is the highest mountain in the island of Java. In the easternmost part if the province, there are two groups of mountains: the Iyang mountains with the peak Mount Argopuro (3,088 meters), the Ijen mountains with the peak Mount Raung (3344 meters) In the south there is a series of hills, that of the south coast of Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar, Malang. the Kapur Selatan mountains is a continuation of a series of the Sewu mountains in Yogyakarta.
Two of the most important rivers in East Java is the Brantas River (290 km), and the Solo River (548 km). Brantas River has headwaters on the slopes Mount Arjuno near Batu, and flows through most areas in East Java, like Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang and Mojokerto. In Mojokerto, Brantas River split into two: Kali Mas, and Porong; both empties into the Madura Strait. Solo River has headwaters on the slopes of Mount Lawu which lies on the border of East Java and Central Java, and flows through a portion of the eastern part of Central Java and East Java, which eventually empties in Gresik. Brantas River and Bengawan Solo are managed by Perum Jasa Tirta I. On the slopes of Mount Lawu near the border with Central Java are Sarangan, a natural lake. The main dam in East Java, among others Ir. Sutami and Selorejo Dam, which is used for irrigation, fish farming and tourism.
East Java has a wet tropical climate. Compared with the western part of Java Island, East Java in general has less rainfall. Average rainfall is 1,900 mm per year, with a rainy season during the 100 days. The average temperature ranges between 21-34 °C. Temperatures in the lower mountain areas, and even in areas Ranu Pani (slopes of Mount Semeru), temperatures can reach minus 4 °C, causing a downfall of soft snow.
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